نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال سی و سوم شماره 58 (تابستان 1402)

The change in the education system of the Reza Shah’s era under the discourse of the modern national government and as a result the growth and expansion of women's education with the aim of educating new Iranian women and mothers led to significant employment of women in the education system, especially as teachers. Valuable research has been conducted on the necessity of women's education, the development, of literacy, the development of girls' schools and teacher education during the time of Reza Shah, but less attention has been paid to the employment status of women teachers and the challenges they faced during this period. The main topic of this article is the employment status of female teachers during the era of Reza Shah. The answer to this question emerges from the quantitative and qualitative study of the training of female teachers, the increase and decrease of their numbers in schools, the employment conditions, their limitations and difficulties, the status of their rights, as well as gender differences and discrimination in this profession, relying on documents and some publications. This period has taken place.​ The findings of the research are based on the analysis of statistics and tables and show that the education of women was less important compared to men. This problem presents girls' schools and female teachers with the constant problem of lack of funds, low wages and gender discrimination in employment law. People's poverty and lack of financial ability to pay the small tuition fees of girls' national schools, especially in the states, and as a result, low salaries and a lot of work, along with the combination of employment outside the home with women's responsibilities at home, were other problems of female teachers, which sometimes led to their resignation.

With the influx of large numbers of poor people from small towns and rural areas to large cities in the 1940s, various programs and social policies were put on the agenda to deal with these people. However, the main problem in dealing with this needy population was the lack of specific financial resources for this purpose. For this reason, a bill was passed in December 1952 under which a certain amount of tax was levied on every liter of gasoline consumed in the country in order to collect and employ beggars. in 1952, institutions called anti-poverty commissions were created in various cities around the country to take care of these people. Despite these measures, the crisis of the indigent population in the big cities worsened in the 1950s, leading to the dissolution of these commissions in 1959 and their replacement by a newly created institution called the Organization of Labor Camps. In this context, the main question of the present study is why such commissions could not solve the problem of indigent population at the state level. According to these measures, the present study aimed to investigate the formation of these commissions and their changes until 1959. Then, the problems of these commissions during this period are described according to this description, and finally, an attempt was made to show why the structure and performance of such commissions were not able to solve the problem of the poor in the country.

During the Qajar period, Guilan occupied a central position in the Iranian economy as a leading silk producer and an important hub for the country's foreign trade across the Caspian Sea. Thanks to this importance, the region contributed significantly to the central government's revenues. However, the spread of silkworm disease in Guilan in 1277 AH /1860 AD, coupled with the Qajar government's lack of attention to the problem, led to a decline in crop production in the region. The objections of Guilan silkworm farmers and foreign businessmen based in Iran, as well as the fact that the government suffered significant financial losses due to the decline in silk production, prompted the government to take measures to increase the production of silk cocoons. This study, using a historical approach and descriptive-analytical methodology, examines the state of the silk industry in Guilan during the Qajar era from 1300-1335 AH /1882-1917 AD. It details the central government's policies and the efforts of foreign traders aimed at revitalizing this crucial industry. The research findings indicate that the government's initial step in this area was to facilitate the importation of silkworm eggs by foreign merchants from outside of Iran. The establishment of government departments dedicated to the silk industry, aimed at managing foreign trade, alongside efforts to inspire and incentivize Guilan's silkworm farmers to resume their work, were key initiatives taken to revive Guilan's silk industry.

Although in the study of urban planning of the Fatimid period, focuses on Cairo, the period of their direct presence in the Maghreb can be considered as one of the most important periods of urban planning in the history of the Islamic Maghreb, as well as the Fatimid period, during which the two cities of Mahdiyya and Manṣūriyya (Sabrah al-Mansuriya) were established. In this research, considering the method of historical study of Islamic cities, the Fatimid cities of the Maghreb, namely Mahdiyya and Manṣūriyya, have been investigated. According to the findings of this research, the city of Mahdiyya, the first Fatimid city in the Maghrib, was built in a historically sensitive and dangerous situation for the Fatimid, which was a kind of civilizational reaction to the security risks facing the Fatimid. In addition to being the center of political developments in Ifrīḳiya for a short period of time, Mahdiyya became an important base due to its special geographical location in the early 4th century AH, through which the Fatimid’s' control over the Mediterranean Sea was realized. Also, the city of Manṣūriyya, which was considered to be similar to Baghdad in terms of its basic design and circularity, and was also the model of the Fatimid in the construction of the city of Cairo, became an important center for economic activities in the last three decades of the Fatimid’s' presence in Ifrīḳiya and the cultural developments of the region due to its convenient geographical location.

In the history of ancient Iran, the Achaemenes state had experience in governance and a long presence in the lands around the Black Sea. The Achaemenes, who formed one of the first empires in human history, extended their vast borders in the north, south, east, and west to form seas or great rivers and brought large parts of Asia to the Greeks through trade exchanges and political relations. The maritime policy of the Achaemenes was access to all the coasts of the Black Sea, which protected them from invasions by the northern tribes and at the same time challenged the Greeks through their domination of Asia Minor and the enjoyment of its economic sources. This policy continued throughout the Achaemenes era, whether through military campaigns or by sending Achaemenes troops or families to the states of Asia Minor, but also through trade and economic activities. In this descriptive and analytical study has been reviewed the reason and circumstance of presence of Achaemenes in the area of the Black Sea, by study of Achaemenes inscriptions and Hellenic works and also researches of contemporary historians. This study concludes that Achaemenes based on a precise plan and then due to successive developments and events, thought that the Black Sea, which was a side sea for them, transform to lake within the territory of their empire and they succeeded to a large extent in this work.

Security as a basic need of societies has taken on various dimensions throughout history, with the economic dimension always having a higher priority as an intermediate goal for Muslim nations. The AmanName of Jawhar al Siqilli (Treaty of Jawhar al Siqilli) from the commander of the Fatimid army to the Egyptian people is one of the most important historical documents about the Muslims' attention to the issue of economic security. At the threshold of the arrival of the Fatimid, Egypt was in an unbalanced economic situation due to numerous political crises, which prompted Jawhar al Siqilli to take over Egypt without resistance and killing by drawing up a written treaty promising economic security. This article attempts to analyze the content of this contract and General Fatimid’s promise of economic security for Egypt and answer the main question: What is the connection between the political unrest in Egypt and the content of this promise of economic security? The findings of the research based on the method of description and analysis of historical data as well as the analysis of the content of the AmanNameh text(Treaty), show that the political riots of this period, based on the causes of their formation, can be classified into six general categories, all of which are related to the themes of the AmanNameh(Treaty) in the field of providing economic security.

Political customs and ceremonies are one of the most important issues in the embassy area. The reception of the ambassador in each epoch had particular customs that originated from the beliefs and convictions of The rule of rulers. The present research was conducted using the historical method and is based on a descriptive-analytical approach that attempts to answer the question, "What were the embassy and the customs of receiving and meeting ambassadors in the Timurid period and on what principles and rules were they based?" using the historiographical works and buildings of the Timurid period. The results of the research show that Timur, despite his aggressive character, did not neglect the function of exchanging ambassadors and that many embassies were held in his time and under his successors with different purposes. On the other hand, the customs and ceremonies of embassy during Timur's time were based on Mongol customs and were supported by the Yasa law. During the period of Shahrukh, Abu Saeed and Sultan Hossein Baiqara, the customs and ceremonies of the embassy tended toward to Iranian-Islamic customs. Shah Rukh overruled Yasa laws in the area of greeting and acceptance. In embassy ceremonies, bringing gifts to Khans and nobles was almost an established principle, and if the ambassadors did not bring gifts, they had trouble fulfilling their mission. Timurid amirs also frequently presented gifts to the envoys. Horses, robes and gold or money were constant components of all gifts. Sultans such as Shahrukh, Abu Saeed and Sultan Husayn Bayqara used books as gifts in their relations. He not only showed himself as an art lover, but also the art and creativity of his courtiers in the field of book design. During this period, ambassadors enjoyed benefits such as political immunity, tax exemption, and other facilities, including lodging, meals, and transportation. Acceptance of the ambassador in this period was not the monopoly of the ruler like during the Mongol era. The Timurid amirs used the customs and ceremonies of the embassy as a tool to show the greatness and glory of their power.